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The TKS spacecraft ((ロシア語: Транспортный корабль снабжения), , ''Transport Supply Spacecraft'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/SpaceRace/sec400/sec442.htm )〕 GRAU index 11F72) was a Soviet spacecraft conceived in the late 1960s for resupply flights to the military Almaz space station. The spacecraft was designed for both crewed and autonomous uncrewed cargo resupply flights, but was never used operationally in its intended role – only four test missions were flown (including three that docked to Salyut space stations) during the program. The Functional Cargo Block (FGB) of the TKS spacecraft later formed the basis of several space station modules, including the Zarya FGB module on the International Space Station. The TKS spacecraft consisted of two spacecraft mated together, both of which could operate independently: * The VA spacecraft (known in the West as the ''Merkur spacecraft''), which would have housed the cosmonauts during launch and reentry of an TKS spacecraft, while traveling to and from an Almaz space station. * And the Functional Cargo Block (FGB) which, in order to resupply an Almaz space station, carried docking hardware, tanks and a large pressurized cargo compartment. Furthermore, the FGB carried the on-orbit maneuvering engines for the TKS. While the VA carried the reentry hardware, and only minimal life support and maneuvering systems, the FGB would have been used as the primary orbital maneuvering system and cargo storage for the TKS spacecraft. The FGB could also be used alone as an unmanned cargo module without an VA spacecraft, which enabled the FGB design to be re-purposed as FGB space station modules later on. The VA spacecraft on the other hand was also intended to be launched as "Almaz APOS", mated with an Almaz-OPS space station core as the primary orbital maneuvering system, instead of a FGB. , Excalibur Almaz planned to use the VA capsule as low-cost cargo return vehicles. == Design == The TKS spacecraft was designed by Vladimir Chelomei (the VA capsule) and V. N. Bugayskiy (the FGB block) as a manned spacecraft launched with Proton rocket alternative to the Soyuz spacecraft for use with ''Almaz'' space stations. Development began in 1965; the ''Almaz programme'' had been abandoned by the time the first TKS spacecraft flew in 1977. The VA spacecraft (''"Vozvrashaemiy Apparat"'') was flown separately on four test missions with two craft per launch to test the design, as well as one "all-up" test mission and three resupply missions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The TKS ferry for the Almaz Space Station )〕 The project had further evolved with space station ''"Modulny"'' (''"Modular"'') based on the TKS design outline, reworked to dock with Salyut 7, Mir and ISS space stations. This development was designated FGB, or Functional Cargo Block. The TKS spacecraft consisted of an 11F74 "Vozvraschaemyi Apparat" (or ''Return Vehicle'' commonly referred to as the ''VA''), attached to an 11F77 "Transportniy Korabl Snabzheniya" (''Functional/Cargo Block'' module or ''FGB''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「TKS (spacecraft)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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